Since the 20th century, with the tremendous increase in the productivity of science and technology, human society has created unprecedented material wealth. But at the same time, conflicts such as rapid population growth, excessive consumption of resources, environmental pollution, and ecological balance destruction have become increasingly prominent, and have become major global issues that seriously impede economic development and improve the quality of human life, and in turn threaten the future of humankind. The survival and development. Under such a grim situation, human beings have to re-examine their own social and economic behavior and development history and seek a development path that can sustain human progress. At the turn of the world, the international community has finally confirmed that the development of a knowledge-based economy and circular economy are the two major wheels for sustainable human development. The knowledge economy is focusing on strengthening the substitution of intellectual resources for material resources in the economic process and achieving a knowledge-based shift in economic activities. The circular economy requires the use of natural resources and environmental capacity in an environmentally friendly manner to achieve an ecological shift in economic activities.
Circular economy is short for Closing Materials Cycle. The so-called circular economy is characterized by material energy levels and closed-loop recycling, integrating clean production, comprehensive utilization of resources, ecological design, and sustainable consumption, and using ecological laws to guide the economic activities of human society. Therefore, in essence, It is an ecological economy. The traditional industrial social economy is a linear economy with one-way flow of “resource-product-pollution emissionsâ€. This linear economy is characterized by “high extraction, low utilization, and high emissionsâ€. People use more and more intensity to extract materials and energy from the earth, and in the process of production, processing, and consumption, a large amount of pollution and waste are Discharge into the environment, the use of resources is often extensive and one-time, through the continuous conversion of resources into a waste movement, through the natural cost of reverse growth to achieve the quantitative growth of the economy. With the development of modern industry, the production and consumption methods under this linear economy have led to the shortage and exhaustion of many natural resources, and have increasingly caused global environmental damage. Different from the traditional linear economy, the circular economy requires the application of ecological laws to integrate the economic system into a feedback process of “resource-product-renewable resourcesâ€, so that the material and energy can be used reasonably and lastingly in the entire economic activity, thus maximizing To limit the efficiency of the allocation of resources and environment, and to achieve the ecological and social economic turn. The circular economy advocates the development of economy based on the continuous recycling of materials. Low input, high utilization of natural resources, and low emission of waste will fundamentally resolve the sharp conflict between the environment and development. The development of circular economy is an important way to implement sustainable development strategies and achieve coordinated development of economy, society, resources, and the environment.
China is the largest developing country in the world, with a large population and scarce resources. The average per capita possession of resources is only half of the world average. The per capita possession of major mineral resources is less than half of the world average. Of the 45 major minerals that have been identified in China, only 21 will satisfy the demand in 2010 and only 6 will remain in 2020. To ensure national economic security and long-term development, resource strategies must be implemented. The fragility of ecosystems, the deterioration of environmental quality, and the high intensity of resource consumption are the costs that China’s economy has paid for maintaining its higher growth in the past decades. In terms of resource stock and environmental carrying capacity, at present we cannot afford the high-intensity resource consumption and environmental pollution under the traditional economic model. If we continue to follow the traditional economic development path, we will continue to use the development of high consumption, high energy consumption, and high pollution. The model can only slow down the process of China’s modernization. The development of the economy and the protection of the environment are the inevitable contradictions in the traditional economy. To fundamentally resolve this deep-seated contradiction, to fundamentally resolve this deep-seated contradiction, it is necessary to realize the transition from the traditional economy to the circular economy as soon as possible in the development mode. This is China's strategic choice for sustainable development in the 21st century.
President Jiang Zemin pointed out at the second session of the General Assembly of the Global Environment Facility on October 16 that “the natural resources are not inexhaustible, and the demand for human social development continues to grow if these two aspects are not dealt with properly. It will inevitably lead to the deterioration of the ecological environment and will seriously threaten the survival and development of humankind. Only by taking the road of recycling economy based on the most effective use of resources and protection of the environment, can sustainable development be realized." passed by the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress on June 29 this year. The "Cleaner Production Promotion Law of the People's Republic of China" puts forward requirements for the development of circular economy from the legal level: "The local people's government at or above the county level should rationally plan the economic layout of the administrative region, adjust the industrial structure, develop a circular economy, and promote enterprises in resources. Cooperate with waste utilization and other areas to achieve efficient use and recycling of resources."
The packaging industry is an important part of the national economy. As one of the symbolic industries for the development of commodity economy, the packaging industry has its positive role in promoting economic and social development, but it is also an industry that consumes resources and pollutes the environment. At present, the annual output of packaging in our country is about 30 million tons. The recovery of packaging products in China is better than that of cartons, beer bottles, and plastic turnover boxes. The recovery rate of other products is quite low, and the recycling rate of the entire packaging products is still not enough. 20% of production. According to this calculation, there are more than 25 million tons of packaging waste produced each year in China. As there is less and less land available for landfilling, so much of the packaging waste cannot be dispelled. As a result, many urban waste sieges are very serious. However, those packaging wastes that cannot be degraded in the environment cannot be disposed of in a timely manner, and people’s environmental awareness is not strong, resulting in serious waste loss. The environmental pollution caused by packaging waste has seriously affected the sustainable development of the social economy. Therefore, how to effectively control the pollution of packaging waste, integrate China's packaging industry into the circular economy, and promote green packaging in an all-round way have become a public concern.
The so-called green packaging refers to the package of goods that is conducive to the protection of human health and the ecological environment. The basic characteristics of green packaging are: under the condition of having a packaging function, the materials should be the least and the packaging waste should be the least; the packaging products are harmless to human health, the waste does not pollute the environment; the packaging materials can be reused or can be recycled The cycle can be degraded and purified under natural conditions. Green packaging requires full consideration of the impact of the entire life cycle of the packaging on resources, energy, and the ecological environment, and strives to degrade the environmental load of packaging materials and achieve a balance and unification of packaging functionality and environmental adaptability.
First, the concept of clean production, development, production of new green packaging materials to develop green packaging, the key is to develop and produce new green packaging materials, without or with harmful excipients, additives, starting from the source, so that packaging waste Environmental pollution is minimized.
(I) Design requirements for green packaging materials
1, environmental safety. It is necessary to consider whether the substances soluble in water, oil, and other solvents are harmful; whether the used auxiliary materials contain toxic metals such as lead, mercury, cadmium, etc.; and whether the materials are recycled for the discharge of harmful substances, non-chlorine materials should be used as far as possible.
2. Save resources and energy. Avoid excessive packaging; consider recyclable packaging; extend the life of the material; increase the weight ratio of the contents to the packaging; use low-density packaging materials; try to select materials with low overall energy consumption of the material life cycle.
3, the functionality of packaging materials. To have an effective function of protecting the goods, the deterioration of the functionality and the deterioration or loss of the content is undoubtedly the greatest waste of packaging and content resources and energy. It is necessary to ensure the strength of packaging materials and the sealability of packaging, prevent the loss of packaging contents during transportation, storage, and use, and cause environmental pollution.
4. Recycling of packaging waste. As far as possible, use materials that are currently mature in recycling technology; use degradable, compostable plastics; use packages that can be reused after simple handling; try to select a single material.
(B) Development of Green Packaging Materials
1. Develop natural green packaging materials. Natural green packaging refers to packaging materials that use renewable natural resources to carry out pollution-free, less energy-consuming processing, and wastes can be efficiently recovered or rapidly decomposed without causing pollution to the environment. These raw materials have the characteristics of low environmental load, abundant resources, and cheap access. Making full use of bamboo, sawdust, hemp, cotton fabrics, wicker, reeds, crop straw, rice straw, wheat straw, and other raw materials, expanding the variety of packaging, and increasing the technical content are important directions for the ecological packaging.
2. Research on ecological packaging materials and ecological transformation of traditional packaging. Ecological packaging materials are synthetic materials. We must examine the performance of design materials from the perspective of protecting the environment and protecting resources so that they meet the requirements of green packaging. The development of degradable plastics is currently a hot spot in the scientific and technological community in various countries. Its main target is biodegradation and optically degradable plastics. According to different manufacturing methods, biodegradable plastics can be divided into three types:
(1) microbial synthesis, also known as bacterial plastic. There are many microorganisms that produce polyester in nature. It is a very efficient method to produce degradable plastics by fermenting these microorganisms to polyester under proper conditions.
(2) chemical synthesis type. Most chemically synthesized macromolecule compounds are not degraded by microorganisms, but there are substances that are easily degraded by microorganisms among aliphatic polyesters and water-soluble macromolecules. Chemical synthesis of these biodegradable high-dose constituents can be made. Biodegradable plastic.
(3) Natural material utilization type. Chemically denatures natural polymer materials such as fiber systems and starches, making their properties such as strength, water resistance, and thermal plasticity similar to those of ordinary plastics. This plastic has low cost and good degradation performance.
(III) Clean production of green packaging materials Clean production is the core of circular economy. The so-called clean production refers to the goal of energy saving, consumption reduction, pollution reduction, and efficiency improvement. It uses technical management as a means to design and produce optimal production processes and products to eliminate and reduce the adverse effects of industrial production on human health and the ecological environment. influences. The fundamental purpose of cleaner production is to carry out non-waste, less waste production, to achieve "zero emissions" of pollution in the production process and the greenization of manufactured products, that is, not only to achieve pollution-free and less pollution in the production process, but also to use and ultimately produce its products. There will be no damage to the environment during the scrapping process. Throughout the entire life cycle of green packaging, we follow the principle of “reduction, reuse, and recycling†of economic activities in the circular economy to minimize the impact of packaging on the environment.
The establishment of a company's environmental protection management system (EMS) is the key to the implementation of cleaner production, and is also the primary condition for the development of green packaging. To establish an EMS system, we must first assess the company's environmental behavior and environmental impact. The contents include the energy consumption and material consumption of packaging products, the emission indicators in the packaging materials production process and after the use of packaging products, and the activities of the company's enterprises are environmentally friendly. Comprehensive impact and so on. The evaluation results will help companies choose environmental technologies, clean processes and new management systems. On the basis of environmental assessment, we will establish an “environmental protection management system†whose core content is environmental policy, environmental planning, implementation and operation, inspection and correction, and management review. The EMS system will ensure that companies implement "green standards" and eventually achieve the goal of "green packaging." The environmental policy, environmental protection objectives and activity plan formulated by the company should be compatible with the company's own attributes, scale, production activities, products and services, and have the effect of saving resources, reducing pollution, recycling, and complying with relevant laws and regulations. Promise of. EMS will also be responsible for routine tasks such as environmental supervision and environmental inspections.
Second, to expand the effective demand of the green economy, and to promote the development of green packaging Green demand is to stimulate the development of green packaging locomotive. In the operation of the circular economy, we can start with investment and consumption and expand green demand.
(I) Vigorously supporting green industries and expanding investment demand for green packaging As the green packaging industry of emerging industries, China has just emerged, most products have not yet reached scale production, and they cannot meet the green consumer demand of consumers in terms of quantity and quality. Not even a brand effect. At present, relevant government departments should seize the opportunity of economic structural adjustment, actively promote the merger and reorganization of enterprises, promote the rational allocation of resources, achieve the scale production of green packaging, increase the development of green packaging from the structure and total amount, and strive to meet the increasing market Green consumer demand. The government
Circular economy is short for Closing Materials Cycle. The so-called circular economy is characterized by material energy levels and closed-loop recycling, integrating clean production, comprehensive utilization of resources, ecological design, and sustainable consumption, and using ecological laws to guide the economic activities of human society. Therefore, in essence, It is an ecological economy. The traditional industrial social economy is a linear economy with one-way flow of “resource-product-pollution emissionsâ€. This linear economy is characterized by “high extraction, low utilization, and high emissionsâ€. People use more and more intensity to extract materials and energy from the earth, and in the process of production, processing, and consumption, a large amount of pollution and waste are Discharge into the environment, the use of resources is often extensive and one-time, through the continuous conversion of resources into a waste movement, through the natural cost of reverse growth to achieve the quantitative growth of the economy. With the development of modern industry, the production and consumption methods under this linear economy have led to the shortage and exhaustion of many natural resources, and have increasingly caused global environmental damage. Different from the traditional linear economy, the circular economy requires the application of ecological laws to integrate the economic system into a feedback process of “resource-product-renewable resourcesâ€, so that the material and energy can be used reasonably and lastingly in the entire economic activity, thus maximizing To limit the efficiency of the allocation of resources and environment, and to achieve the ecological and social economic turn. The circular economy advocates the development of economy based on the continuous recycling of materials. Low input, high utilization of natural resources, and low emission of waste will fundamentally resolve the sharp conflict between the environment and development. The development of circular economy is an important way to implement sustainable development strategies and achieve coordinated development of economy, society, resources, and the environment.
China is the largest developing country in the world, with a large population and scarce resources. The average per capita possession of resources is only half of the world average. The per capita possession of major mineral resources is less than half of the world average. Of the 45 major minerals that have been identified in China, only 21 will satisfy the demand in 2010 and only 6 will remain in 2020. To ensure national economic security and long-term development, resource strategies must be implemented. The fragility of ecosystems, the deterioration of environmental quality, and the high intensity of resource consumption are the costs that China’s economy has paid for maintaining its higher growth in the past decades. In terms of resource stock and environmental carrying capacity, at present we cannot afford the high-intensity resource consumption and environmental pollution under the traditional economic model. If we continue to follow the traditional economic development path, we will continue to use the development of high consumption, high energy consumption, and high pollution. The model can only slow down the process of China’s modernization. The development of the economy and the protection of the environment are the inevitable contradictions in the traditional economy. To fundamentally resolve this deep-seated contradiction, to fundamentally resolve this deep-seated contradiction, it is necessary to realize the transition from the traditional economy to the circular economy as soon as possible in the development mode. This is China's strategic choice for sustainable development in the 21st century.
President Jiang Zemin pointed out at the second session of the General Assembly of the Global Environment Facility on October 16 that “the natural resources are not inexhaustible, and the demand for human social development continues to grow if these two aspects are not dealt with properly. It will inevitably lead to the deterioration of the ecological environment and will seriously threaten the survival and development of humankind. Only by taking the road of recycling economy based on the most effective use of resources and protection of the environment, can sustainable development be realized." passed by the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress on June 29 this year. The "Cleaner Production Promotion Law of the People's Republic of China" puts forward requirements for the development of circular economy from the legal level: "The local people's government at or above the county level should rationally plan the economic layout of the administrative region, adjust the industrial structure, develop a circular economy, and promote enterprises in resources. Cooperate with waste utilization and other areas to achieve efficient use and recycling of resources."
The packaging industry is an important part of the national economy. As one of the symbolic industries for the development of commodity economy, the packaging industry has its positive role in promoting economic and social development, but it is also an industry that consumes resources and pollutes the environment. At present, the annual output of packaging in our country is about 30 million tons. The recovery of packaging products in China is better than that of cartons, beer bottles, and plastic turnover boxes. The recovery rate of other products is quite low, and the recycling rate of the entire packaging products is still not enough. 20% of production. According to this calculation, there are more than 25 million tons of packaging waste produced each year in China. As there is less and less land available for landfilling, so much of the packaging waste cannot be dispelled. As a result, many urban waste sieges are very serious. However, those packaging wastes that cannot be degraded in the environment cannot be disposed of in a timely manner, and people’s environmental awareness is not strong, resulting in serious waste loss. The environmental pollution caused by packaging waste has seriously affected the sustainable development of the social economy. Therefore, how to effectively control the pollution of packaging waste, integrate China's packaging industry into the circular economy, and promote green packaging in an all-round way have become a public concern.
The so-called green packaging refers to the package of goods that is conducive to the protection of human health and the ecological environment. The basic characteristics of green packaging are: under the condition of having a packaging function, the materials should be the least and the packaging waste should be the least; the packaging products are harmless to human health, the waste does not pollute the environment; the packaging materials can be reused or can be recycled The cycle can be degraded and purified under natural conditions. Green packaging requires full consideration of the impact of the entire life cycle of the packaging on resources, energy, and the ecological environment, and strives to degrade the environmental load of packaging materials and achieve a balance and unification of packaging functionality and environmental adaptability.
First, the concept of clean production, development, production of new green packaging materials to develop green packaging, the key is to develop and produce new green packaging materials, without or with harmful excipients, additives, starting from the source, so that packaging waste Environmental pollution is minimized.
(I) Design requirements for green packaging materials
1, environmental safety. It is necessary to consider whether the substances soluble in water, oil, and other solvents are harmful; whether the used auxiliary materials contain toxic metals such as lead, mercury, cadmium, etc.; and whether the materials are recycled for the discharge of harmful substances, non-chlorine materials should be used as far as possible.
2. Save resources and energy. Avoid excessive packaging; consider recyclable packaging; extend the life of the material; increase the weight ratio of the contents to the packaging; use low-density packaging materials; try to select materials with low overall energy consumption of the material life cycle.
3, the functionality of packaging materials. To have an effective function of protecting the goods, the deterioration of the functionality and the deterioration or loss of the content is undoubtedly the greatest waste of packaging and content resources and energy. It is necessary to ensure the strength of packaging materials and the sealability of packaging, prevent the loss of packaging contents during transportation, storage, and use, and cause environmental pollution.
4. Recycling of packaging waste. As far as possible, use materials that are currently mature in recycling technology; use degradable, compostable plastics; use packages that can be reused after simple handling; try to select a single material.
(B) Development of Green Packaging Materials
1. Develop natural green packaging materials. Natural green packaging refers to packaging materials that use renewable natural resources to carry out pollution-free, less energy-consuming processing, and wastes can be efficiently recovered or rapidly decomposed without causing pollution to the environment. These raw materials have the characteristics of low environmental load, abundant resources, and cheap access. Making full use of bamboo, sawdust, hemp, cotton fabrics, wicker, reeds, crop straw, rice straw, wheat straw, and other raw materials, expanding the variety of packaging, and increasing the technical content are important directions for the ecological packaging.
2. Research on ecological packaging materials and ecological transformation of traditional packaging. Ecological packaging materials are synthetic materials. We must examine the performance of design materials from the perspective of protecting the environment and protecting resources so that they meet the requirements of green packaging. The development of degradable plastics is currently a hot spot in the scientific and technological community in various countries. Its main target is biodegradation and optically degradable plastics. According to different manufacturing methods, biodegradable plastics can be divided into three types:
(1) microbial synthesis, also known as bacterial plastic. There are many microorganisms that produce polyester in nature. It is a very efficient method to produce degradable plastics by fermenting these microorganisms to polyester under proper conditions.
(2) chemical synthesis type. Most chemically synthesized macromolecule compounds are not degraded by microorganisms, but there are substances that are easily degraded by microorganisms among aliphatic polyesters and water-soluble macromolecules. Chemical synthesis of these biodegradable high-dose constituents can be made. Biodegradable plastic.
(3) Natural material utilization type. Chemically denatures natural polymer materials such as fiber systems and starches, making their properties such as strength, water resistance, and thermal plasticity similar to those of ordinary plastics. This plastic has low cost and good degradation performance.
(III) Clean production of green packaging materials Clean production is the core of circular economy. The so-called clean production refers to the goal of energy saving, consumption reduction, pollution reduction, and efficiency improvement. It uses technical management as a means to design and produce optimal production processes and products to eliminate and reduce the adverse effects of industrial production on human health and the ecological environment. influences. The fundamental purpose of cleaner production is to carry out non-waste, less waste production, to achieve "zero emissions" of pollution in the production process and the greenization of manufactured products, that is, not only to achieve pollution-free and less pollution in the production process, but also to use and ultimately produce its products. There will be no damage to the environment during the scrapping process. Throughout the entire life cycle of green packaging, we follow the principle of “reduction, reuse, and recycling†of economic activities in the circular economy to minimize the impact of packaging on the environment.
The establishment of a company's environmental protection management system (EMS) is the key to the implementation of cleaner production, and is also the primary condition for the development of green packaging. To establish an EMS system, we must first assess the company's environmental behavior and environmental impact. The contents include the energy consumption and material consumption of packaging products, the emission indicators in the packaging materials production process and after the use of packaging products, and the activities of the company's enterprises are environmentally friendly. Comprehensive impact and so on. The evaluation results will help companies choose environmental technologies, clean processes and new management systems. On the basis of environmental assessment, we will establish an “environmental protection management system†whose core content is environmental policy, environmental planning, implementation and operation, inspection and correction, and management review. The EMS system will ensure that companies implement "green standards" and eventually achieve the goal of "green packaging." The environmental policy, environmental protection objectives and activity plan formulated by the company should be compatible with the company's own attributes, scale, production activities, products and services, and have the effect of saving resources, reducing pollution, recycling, and complying with relevant laws and regulations. Promise of. EMS will also be responsible for routine tasks such as environmental supervision and environmental inspections.
Second, to expand the effective demand of the green economy, and to promote the development of green packaging Green demand is to stimulate the development of green packaging locomotive. In the operation of the circular economy, we can start with investment and consumption and expand green demand.
(I) Vigorously supporting green industries and expanding investment demand for green packaging As the green packaging industry of emerging industries, China has just emerged, most products have not yet reached scale production, and they cannot meet the green consumer demand of consumers in terms of quantity and quality. Not even a brand effect. At present, relevant government departments should seize the opportunity of economic structural adjustment, actively promote the merger and reorganization of enterprises, promote the rational allocation of resources, achieve the scale production of green packaging, increase the development of green packaging from the structure and total amount, and strive to meet the increasing market Green consumer demand. The government
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