Immunomagnetic beads (IMB) represent an innovative class of materials that combine principles from immunology and magnetic carrier technology. These beads are typically magnetic microspheres coated with monoclonal antibodies, which can specifically recognize and bind to target substances containing corresponding antigens, forming a stable complex. When exposed to a magnetic field, the resulting complex can be efficiently retained and separated from other components, a process known as immunomagnification. This technique is widely appreciated for its simplicity, high purity, preservation of target substance activity, and overall efficiency, speed, and low toxicity.
IMB finds extensive applications in various fields such as cell separation and purification, immunoassays, nucleic acid analysis, genetic engineering, and targeted drug delivery. The construction of magnetic microspheres involves combining carrier particles with functional ligands. Ideally, these microspheres should exhibit uniform spherical shape, superparamagnetism, and a protective shell to ensure stability and performance.
Magnetic microspheres can be made from various materials. Common magnetic components include γ-Fe₂O₃, Me-Fe₂O₄ (where Me = Co, Mn, Ni), Fe₃O₄, Ni, Co, Fe, and their alloys. Among these, iron and its oxides (Fe, Fe₂O₃, Fe₃O₄) are most frequently used due to their availability and effectiveness. Polymer-based materials such as polyethyleneimine, polyvinyl alcohol, polysaccharides (e.g., cellulose, agarose, dextran, chitosan), and bovine serum albumin are also commonly employed. These polymers often have functional groups on their surfaces, such as -OH, -NH₂, -COOH, or -CONO₂, enabling them to bind almost any biologically active protein.
The ligand used must possess high bio-specificity, ensuring that the binding with the microsphere does not alter the original biological function of the ligand. The size and shape of the magnetic microspheres are determined by the magnetic polymer base. According to Hirschein's model, the force experienced by magnetic particles in a magnetic field is given by:
**F = (Xv - Xvâ‚€) * V * H * (dH/dX)**
where F is the applied magnetic force, Xv is the magnetic susceptibility of the bead, Xvâ‚€ is that of the surrounding medium, H is the magnetic field strength, V is the volume of the particle, and dH/dX represents the gradient of the magnetic field.
The magnetic force acting on the particle increases with its size. Particles larger than 10 μm can be easily separated under a weak magnetic field but tend to precipitate quickly and have limited capacity for biomolecule adsorption. Conversely, smaller particles (<10 μm) offer better performance in terms of binding efficiency and magnetic responsiveness.
For more information on the preparation and application of immunomagnetic microspheres, you can download the file "Preparation and Application of Immunomagnetic Microspheres.rar."
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