The invention of the transistor in 1947 was a major breakthrough in physics. For these three inventors won the Nobel Prize in physics. On the other hand, because transistors control the movement of electrons in solids to achieve amplification and transmission of electrical signals, they are more reliable and less power-hungry than mainstream vacuum tubes at the time. Application has been widely considered. At the end of the fifties, a revolutionary breakthrough was made in the technology of semi-buried body, and an integrated circuit with a circuit function of a plurality of transistors and resistors and capacitors on a semiconductor silicon crystal was invented, which could make the transistor more efficient. The larger the number of transistors included in a small, integrated circuit (commonly referred to as a chip), the more complex circuit functions can be accomplished. Since then, it has created a new era known as the development and application of microelectronics technology, which is the microelectronics revolution. Looking into the 21st century, microelectronics technology will still be very active and have a strong vitality. Therefore, its development forecast is highly valued by the international community. Here we briefly describe and discuss the contribution of microelectronics and its future development.
First, the outstanding contributions of semiconductors and microelectronics to the development of modern science and technology are many. Here are a few points:
1. Created a design that uses microscopic physical quantities for device structure and performance.
Many microscopic quantities in physics, such as band gaps, conduction bands, valence bands, impurity levels, hole carriers, etc., in energy band structures are usually the microscopic descriptions of matter when scholars conduct academic discussions. The deep vocabulary used is abstract and not easy to understand. The design and manufacturing of these chips have made these mysterious microscopic physical quantities out of the sacred hall of science and become the parameters of transistor design in the chip. The forbidden band width of silicon materials not only limits the maximum operating temperature of the chip, but also stipulates the wavelength of the silicon detector. The primary consideration for doping the selected impurity in the device structure is its impurity level position. There have been concerns about the reliability of the application of micro-physical quantities in mass production. A large number of chip manufacturing operations and extensive application practices in the world for more than 40 years have shown that these micro-physical quantities are very accurate and the application results are remarkably satisfactory. This in fact verifies that the conclusions reached by people on the exploration of the microscopic properties of matter are correct. Interestingly, people have made remarkable achievements by verifying the microscopic nature of the material using transistor performance. In the fifties, Mr. Jiang Duzhen studied the volt-ampere characteristics of highly doped PN junctions in transistors, and explained the science of anomalies as energy. With the tunnel effect in the structure, he won the Nobel Prize in physics for his contribution.
2. The advanced generation of ultra-micromachining technology and equipment developed and developed by chip processing and manufacturing are at the forefront of human development and application of ultra-micromachining technology.
The ULSI chip developed from a single transistor to today is a process of continuous miniaturization and miniaturization, that is, the size of a transistor in a chip is becoming smaller and smaller. The line width of the commonly used transistor geometry in chip design and processing represents the technical level. In the fifties, the width of a line in a transistor is about 1mm. Today, the line width of a transistor in an ULSI chip containing 8.8 billion transistors is 0.13 m (ten thousandths). 1.3 mm). A transistor has an area of ​​about one millionth of a square millimeter. The content of the ultra-fine processing technology is extremely rich, and can be summarized as summarized: ultra-fine pattern forming, precise doping of the micro area, ultrathin layer material growth, etc., among which the formation of ultra-fine patterns, ie, lithography technology, is a technological progress update. The core of the new generation. The most important indicators of lithography technology are high resolution, high sensitivity, low defect density, precise engraved alignment, and processing on large-size silicon wafers. It is very difficult to fulfill the above-mentioned indicators separately. The more demanding requirement in chip processing is that all these indicators must be able to be achieved on large-size silicon wafers (200mm in diameter) at the same time. This makes it difficult to control the processing technology. Obviously, a line with a width of 0.2 m is machined on each end of 200 mm, and the second line of the second reprocessing is required to be 10% offset from the first position. Actually, as long as the temperature of the wafer is When the difference in secondary processing is 1 degree, the offset due to the expansion coefficient is greater than 10%. For another example, a defect caused by a dust particle with a diameter of about 0.1 m on a silicon chip would invalidate a chip containing a hundred million transistors. These conditions may sound amazing and unbelievable, but they are the facts that must be addressed in ultra-fine processing. Therefore, after entering deep sub-micron, in the development of ultra-fine micromachining, every 0.1 m of line width is required to face the frontier of modern technology. A large number of problems require mobilizing multidisciplinary wisdom and achievements to guide and support them. It is gratifying that these technical difficulties have been overcome, and a set of sophisticated technologies for ultra-micromachining has emerged to serve a high level of chip manufacturing with a large number of repeated production runs at stable production rates. Ultra-fine processing technology is the crystallization of multi-disciplinary advanced wisdom, and its achievements are at the forefront of micro-processing for human development. It is reasonable and possible to use technology development in other fields. In fact, this valuable technical resource has been successfully applied to products such as precision optics and precision machinery.
Second, creating a new era of technological innovation
1. The speed with which technological inventions and creations are transferred to applications makes people feel that they have an immediate effect
In the past, the inventions of science and technology were transferred to production and brought to market. They were widely used, generally ranging from a short period of 30 to 50 years, and a long period of experience of 100 years. Although technology and economy are linked, they are loose. Under such circumstances, the birth of an invention and invention cost the inventor a great deal of effort and even a lifetime of energy. He suffered the bitterness and bitterness in the process of invention and creation. It was recorded when he was tortured by commonplace and lost his life. , Or do not see the huge economic and social returns brought about by the glory, the support of the inventor's belief is a unique exploration of interest and the pursuit of scientific truth. After the emergence of high-tech and its industries in the 1950s, the relationship between the development of science and technology and the economy has undergone a fundamental change. Human society has entered a new era of knowledge-driven, and science and technology are the primary productive forces. This was due to several important inventions, namely the invention of a computer in 1946, the invention of a transistor in 1947, the invention of a laser in 1958, and the invention of an integrated circuit (microelectronics chip) in 1959. This focuses on the role of transistors and chips.
At the first industrial exhibition held in Beijing in 1956, transistor radios (commonly known as semiconductors) were sold. It took only eight years from the birth of major inventions to the proliferation of products in markets around the world. Actual access to the US market used only four. Year or so. Inventions and creations have seen tremendous economic and social benefits in only a few years, and they have immediate effects. This greatly stimulates and attracts people to create inventions for their own interests. Knowledge is valuable, and knowledge is a high-cost resource that has gradually become the consensus of society and the fashion of admiration. Since then, intellectual property rights have been highly valued.
2. The strong technical drive has made the progress of microelectronics technology full of vigor and has been at the core of high-tech development.
In recent decades, the innovative development of electronic computers has gone through three important stages: centralized computing, decentralized computing, and currently being developed on-line computing. The progress of microelectronics technology has played a key role. Concentrated computing starts with a transistor, which is much smaller than the computer of the electron tube but still occupies a volume of a few cubic meters. The user can only go to the computer to do the calculation. After the invention of the chip, the volume of the computer can be made smaller and smaller. Because the system function is enhanced and the level is increased, the volume cannot be reduced, and it is only suitable for centralized use. After the invention of the VLSI chip, the core part (CPU) of the computer can be condensed onto a chip, thus inventing a personal computer that is small enough to be placed on a table, commonly known as a computer, and has since entered the period of discrete computing. The personal computer has progressed from 286, 386 to '686', and the replacement mainly relies on chip innovation. The on-line calculations being developed are still based on a new generation of ULSI chips developed by microelectronics. This type of phenomenon is not unique to computer innovation. Communication technology, broadcasting and television, household appliances, and machinery manufacturing all follow the development of microelectronics. The development of the high-tech industry relies on the support of microelectronics, and the technological upgrading of traditional industries also depends on advanced chips.
Third, price competition has entered a new model
The introduction of high-quality, high-quality products and one-cent-for-money products, especially for high-intellectual products, should have high value-added economic returns. This is the universally accepted market value rule. However, the development of microelectronics is taking another path. The product level and performance upgrade replacement price will not rise but will fall. For example, with the current market price, a 1 megabit DRAM chip is a piece of about 0.7 dollars, and the price of a transistor is about 4 cents per 100,000. A 4 megabit DRAM market price after the technology upgrade was about US$1.6. The number of transistors in the chip was about four times higher than that of the one-megabit DRAM, but the price of a single transistor was about two-tenths of a cent. What we are talking about here is not the constant price reduction of the same product, but the price reduction of upgraded advanced products. There are many reasons for this strange phenomenon, but it is mainly the special advantages of technology. The chip manufacturing will increase production equipment by 1.7 times for all upgrading and upgrading of production equipment due to technology upgrades. However, the increase in chip integration scale and increase in production yield will be more effective than investment, so the technology will increase chip prices, and people naturally care about this time. The profits of enterprises, practice shows that when new products come out, the profits of technology in the leading peak period can reach 40%, which is difficult for the general industry to achieve, which forms a new model of market competition in which technology competition replaces price war.
Driven by the microelectronics technology, the computer, communications, and household appliances industries that are constrained and motivated by it are almost a step by step microelectronics, accelerating the development of new technology products to obtain profits. The use of advanced technology to develop new products for high profits across all aspects of the high-tech industry is a very attractive trend of the times.
IV. Two formulas that guide and support the rapid development of microelectronics technology
Semiconductors and microelectronics technology have been increasing at an astonishing speed. A small chip has wonderful functions and can perform a variety of complex functions. Its applications involve all aspects of modern society and are pervasive, affecting and changing the production methods and lifestyle of human society. And way of thinking. What is interesting is that their development is respected by those laws. Here are two famous formulas that have a major impact, namely MOORE'S LAW and SCALING DOWN THEORY.
In 1965, according to Moore’s increase in the number of transistors in a chip in previous years, a semi-logarithmic plot marked a curve, and found that there is a rule that the number of transistors in the chip is quadrupled every four years (a fourfold increase). The width of the lines used is reduced by one third. He predicts that the future will be seen in such a speed of development. The development of microelectronics in the world for more than 30 years has confirmed that this law is correct.
In 1974, IBM's HNYU and DENNARD through the device physics research and process analysis, proposed the principle of MOS transistor structure size can be reduced, that is, the transverse width of the transistor is reduced by one third every three years, and its vertical junction depth should also be Followed by a certain proportion of reduction, you can get the design requirements of the chip. This principle indicates the technical route for increasing transistor density in the chip. In the past two decades, it has been unceasingly discovered that other technical routes have not been successful. Internationally, the design of chips and the large number of processing and manufacturing are only successful when the principle of scaling down is very successful. The results are satisfactory. This is a substantial enrichment of Moore's Law. and support.
Given that the development of the microelectronics industry is at the forefront of the contemporary era, the Moore’s Law battle is a barometer for predicting future industrial trends in the world and the social informatization process. It is not an overstatement to say that an entrepreneur, economic expert, sociologist and strategy Home, if he does not care about and study Moore's Law, he will lag behind in the intense international comprehensive national strength competition.
V. The bright future of the microelectronics industry
In the era of rapid development with knowledge innovation as the main driving force for social progress, it is a miracle that such a high technology as microelectronics can maintain its prosperity for half a century and it is still full of vitality. Therefore, how long the microelectronics glory today can become a hot topic. This will not only answer how long the two formulas can last but also explain the new bright future.
First, the outstanding contributions of semiconductors and microelectronics to the development of modern science and technology are many. Here are a few points:
1. Created a design that uses microscopic physical quantities for device structure and performance.
Many microscopic quantities in physics, such as band gaps, conduction bands, valence bands, impurity levels, hole carriers, etc., in energy band structures are usually the microscopic descriptions of matter when scholars conduct academic discussions. The deep vocabulary used is abstract and not easy to understand. The design and manufacturing of these chips have made these mysterious microscopic physical quantities out of the sacred hall of science and become the parameters of transistor design in the chip. The forbidden band width of silicon materials not only limits the maximum operating temperature of the chip, but also stipulates the wavelength of the silicon detector. The primary consideration for doping the selected impurity in the device structure is its impurity level position. There have been concerns about the reliability of the application of micro-physical quantities in mass production. A large number of chip manufacturing operations and extensive application practices in the world for more than 40 years have shown that these micro-physical quantities are very accurate and the application results are remarkably satisfactory. This in fact verifies that the conclusions reached by people on the exploration of the microscopic properties of matter are correct. Interestingly, people have made remarkable achievements by verifying the microscopic nature of the material using transistor performance. In the fifties, Mr. Jiang Duzhen studied the volt-ampere characteristics of highly doped PN junctions in transistors, and explained the science of anomalies as energy. With the tunnel effect in the structure, he won the Nobel Prize in physics for his contribution.
2. The advanced generation of ultra-micromachining technology and equipment developed and developed by chip processing and manufacturing are at the forefront of human development and application of ultra-micromachining technology.
The ULSI chip developed from a single transistor to today is a process of continuous miniaturization and miniaturization, that is, the size of a transistor in a chip is becoming smaller and smaller. The line width of the commonly used transistor geometry in chip design and processing represents the technical level. In the fifties, the width of a line in a transistor is about 1mm. Today, the line width of a transistor in an ULSI chip containing 8.8 billion transistors is 0.13 m (ten thousandths). 1.3 mm). A transistor has an area of ​​about one millionth of a square millimeter. The content of the ultra-fine processing technology is extremely rich, and can be summarized as summarized: ultra-fine pattern forming, precise doping of the micro area, ultrathin layer material growth, etc., among which the formation of ultra-fine patterns, ie, lithography technology, is a technological progress update. The core of the new generation. The most important indicators of lithography technology are high resolution, high sensitivity, low defect density, precise engraved alignment, and processing on large-size silicon wafers. It is very difficult to fulfill the above-mentioned indicators separately. The more demanding requirement in chip processing is that all these indicators must be able to be achieved on large-size silicon wafers (200mm in diameter) at the same time. This makes it difficult to control the processing technology. Obviously, a line with a width of 0.2 m is machined on each end of 200 mm, and the second line of the second reprocessing is required to be 10% offset from the first position. Actually, as long as the temperature of the wafer is When the difference in secondary processing is 1 degree, the offset due to the expansion coefficient is greater than 10%. For another example, a defect caused by a dust particle with a diameter of about 0.1 m on a silicon chip would invalidate a chip containing a hundred million transistors. These conditions may sound amazing and unbelievable, but they are the facts that must be addressed in ultra-fine processing. Therefore, after entering deep sub-micron, in the development of ultra-fine micromachining, every 0.1 m of line width is required to face the frontier of modern technology. A large number of problems require mobilizing multidisciplinary wisdom and achievements to guide and support them. It is gratifying that these technical difficulties have been overcome, and a set of sophisticated technologies for ultra-micromachining has emerged to serve a high level of chip manufacturing with a large number of repeated production runs at stable production rates. Ultra-fine processing technology is the crystallization of multi-disciplinary advanced wisdom, and its achievements are at the forefront of micro-processing for human development. It is reasonable and possible to use technology development in other fields. In fact, this valuable technical resource has been successfully applied to products such as precision optics and precision machinery.
Second, creating a new era of technological innovation
1. The speed with which technological inventions and creations are transferred to applications makes people feel that they have an immediate effect
In the past, the inventions of science and technology were transferred to production and brought to market. They were widely used, generally ranging from a short period of 30 to 50 years, and a long period of experience of 100 years. Although technology and economy are linked, they are loose. Under such circumstances, the birth of an invention and invention cost the inventor a great deal of effort and even a lifetime of energy. He suffered the bitterness and bitterness in the process of invention and creation. It was recorded when he was tortured by commonplace and lost his life. , Or do not see the huge economic and social returns brought about by the glory, the support of the inventor's belief is a unique exploration of interest and the pursuit of scientific truth. After the emergence of high-tech and its industries in the 1950s, the relationship between the development of science and technology and the economy has undergone a fundamental change. Human society has entered a new era of knowledge-driven, and science and technology are the primary productive forces. This was due to several important inventions, namely the invention of a computer in 1946, the invention of a transistor in 1947, the invention of a laser in 1958, and the invention of an integrated circuit (microelectronics chip) in 1959. This focuses on the role of transistors and chips.
At the first industrial exhibition held in Beijing in 1956, transistor radios (commonly known as semiconductors) were sold. It took only eight years from the birth of major inventions to the proliferation of products in markets around the world. Actual access to the US market used only four. Year or so. Inventions and creations have seen tremendous economic and social benefits in only a few years, and they have immediate effects. This greatly stimulates and attracts people to create inventions for their own interests. Knowledge is valuable, and knowledge is a high-cost resource that has gradually become the consensus of society and the fashion of admiration. Since then, intellectual property rights have been highly valued.
2. The strong technical drive has made the progress of microelectronics technology full of vigor and has been at the core of high-tech development.
In recent decades, the innovative development of electronic computers has gone through three important stages: centralized computing, decentralized computing, and currently being developed on-line computing. The progress of microelectronics technology has played a key role. Concentrated computing starts with a transistor, which is much smaller than the computer of the electron tube but still occupies a volume of a few cubic meters. The user can only go to the computer to do the calculation. After the invention of the chip, the volume of the computer can be made smaller and smaller. Because the system function is enhanced and the level is increased, the volume cannot be reduced, and it is only suitable for centralized use. After the invention of the VLSI chip, the core part (CPU) of the computer can be condensed onto a chip, thus inventing a personal computer that is small enough to be placed on a table, commonly known as a computer, and has since entered the period of discrete computing. The personal computer has progressed from 286, 386 to '686', and the replacement mainly relies on chip innovation. The on-line calculations being developed are still based on a new generation of ULSI chips developed by microelectronics. This type of phenomenon is not unique to computer innovation. Communication technology, broadcasting and television, household appliances, and machinery manufacturing all follow the development of microelectronics. The development of the high-tech industry relies on the support of microelectronics, and the technological upgrading of traditional industries also depends on advanced chips.
Third, price competition has entered a new model
The introduction of high-quality, high-quality products and one-cent-for-money products, especially for high-intellectual products, should have high value-added economic returns. This is the universally accepted market value rule. However, the development of microelectronics is taking another path. The product level and performance upgrade replacement price will not rise but will fall. For example, with the current market price, a 1 megabit DRAM chip is a piece of about 0.7 dollars, and the price of a transistor is about 4 cents per 100,000. A 4 megabit DRAM market price after the technology upgrade was about US$1.6. The number of transistors in the chip was about four times higher than that of the one-megabit DRAM, but the price of a single transistor was about two-tenths of a cent. What we are talking about here is not the constant price reduction of the same product, but the price reduction of upgraded advanced products. There are many reasons for this strange phenomenon, but it is mainly the special advantages of technology. The chip manufacturing will increase production equipment by 1.7 times for all upgrading and upgrading of production equipment due to technology upgrades. However, the increase in chip integration scale and increase in production yield will be more effective than investment, so the technology will increase chip prices, and people naturally care about this time. The profits of enterprises, practice shows that when new products come out, the profits of technology in the leading peak period can reach 40%, which is difficult for the general industry to achieve, which forms a new model of market competition in which technology competition replaces price war.
Driven by the microelectronics technology, the computer, communications, and household appliances industries that are constrained and motivated by it are almost a step by step microelectronics, accelerating the development of new technology products to obtain profits. The use of advanced technology to develop new products for high profits across all aspects of the high-tech industry is a very attractive trend of the times.
IV. Two formulas that guide and support the rapid development of microelectronics technology
Semiconductors and microelectronics technology have been increasing at an astonishing speed. A small chip has wonderful functions and can perform a variety of complex functions. Its applications involve all aspects of modern society and are pervasive, affecting and changing the production methods and lifestyle of human society. And way of thinking. What is interesting is that their development is respected by those laws. Here are two famous formulas that have a major impact, namely MOORE'S LAW and SCALING DOWN THEORY.
In 1965, according to Moore’s increase in the number of transistors in a chip in previous years, a semi-logarithmic plot marked a curve, and found that there is a rule that the number of transistors in the chip is quadrupled every four years (a fourfold increase). The width of the lines used is reduced by one third. He predicts that the future will be seen in such a speed of development. The development of microelectronics in the world for more than 30 years has confirmed that this law is correct.
In 1974, IBM's HNYU and DENNARD through the device physics research and process analysis, proposed the principle of MOS transistor structure size can be reduced, that is, the transverse width of the transistor is reduced by one third every three years, and its vertical junction depth should also be Followed by a certain proportion of reduction, you can get the design requirements of the chip. This principle indicates the technical route for increasing transistor density in the chip. In the past two decades, it has been unceasingly discovered that other technical routes have not been successful. Internationally, the design of chips and the large number of processing and manufacturing are only successful when the principle of scaling down is very successful. The results are satisfactory. This is a substantial enrichment of Moore's Law. and support.
Given that the development of the microelectronics industry is at the forefront of the contemporary era, the Moore’s Law battle is a barometer for predicting future industrial trends in the world and the social informatization process. It is not an overstatement to say that an entrepreneur, economic expert, sociologist and strategy Home, if he does not care about and study Moore's Law, he will lag behind in the intense international comprehensive national strength competition.
V. The bright future of the microelectronics industry
In the era of rapid development with knowledge innovation as the main driving force for social progress, it is a miracle that such a high technology as microelectronics can maintain its prosperity for half a century and it is still full of vitality. Therefore, how long the microelectronics glory today can become a hot topic. This will not only answer how long the two formulas can last but also explain the new bright future.
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